Barriers and willingness to express consent to organ donation among the Kazakhstani population

Background: Organ donation is a critical component of healthcare, yet donation rates in Kazakhstan remain low. Understanding the socio-demographic factors, knowledge levels, and perceived barriers influencing individuals’ willingness to consent to organ donation is essential for developing effective interventions. Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed 1,294 participants across Kazakhstan. The sample was predominantly female (78.3%), urban (79.4%), and well-educated, with a significant proportion having medical backgrounds. Data were collected on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge about organ donation, and perceived barriers. Comparison methods and binomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify significant predictors of willingness to express consent for organ donation. Results: Age, ethnicity, family status, and knowledge about organ donation were significant predictors of willingness to donate. Older participants and Russian ethnic group members were less likely to consent, while widowed individuals and those with higher knowledge levels were more likely to express consent. Although several factors did not have significant prediction with willingness to donate in the regression analysis, chi-square and U-tests revealed significant associations for residence, occupation, educational level, and religious affiliation. Key barriers to donation included distrust in the medical system, fears of organ trafficking, and insufficient awareness, particularly among non-medical participants. These barriers were significant deterrents and correlated with lower willingness to donate. However, due to the overrepresentation of urban, educated, and medical-affiliated participants in the sample, findings may not fully reflect the general population of Kazakhstan. Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for targeted educational campaigns to increase public awareness and address misconceptions about organ donation. Building trust in the medical system and dispelling fears of unethical practices are essential for improving donation rates. The study underscores the complex interplay of socio-demographic factors, knowledge, and perceived barriers in shaping organ donation decisions in Kazakhstan, while also emphasizing the need for future research with a more representative sample.