“Disinvestment” in Learners’ Multilingual Identities: English Learning, Imagined Identities, and Neoliberal Subjecthood in Pakistan

Most recent research on language learning and identity emphasizes on investing learners’ capital as affordance to affirm their identities (Darvin & Norton, 2015; Norton, 2013). Learners’ capital refers to prior knowledge, home literacies/native languages. Drawing on data from English language academies from Pakistan, this study finds a conflicting picture to the one advocated in the investment model. Gripped by the “deficit ideology,” teachers and students tend to “disinvest” in the native languages. Analyzing data through the conceptual lenses of “Neoliberal
Governmentality” and “Linguistic Entrepreneurship,” we find that “enterprise culture” governs learners’ mode of investment. It reflects in their construction of English learning as a form of entrepreneurship, celebrating competition, self-entrepreneurship, and relentless self-improvement. Given the
“disinvestment” tendency, the current investment model seems to overlook
the power-driven linguistic hierarchies, and linguistic inequalities that may
hamper the use of such capital. The paper discusses decolonial pedagogy as
an alternative to current ELT.