Fertility Preservation in Benign Gynecological Diseases: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives

Although fertility preservation is a growing topic in the management of oncological diseases, different benign gynecological pathologies are able to compromise the ovarian reserve due to mechanisms related to the pathology itself or secondary to the performed treatments. Endometriosis, benign ovarian tumors, adnexal torsion, familiarity and genetic syndromes are all benign conditions that can compromise the ovarian reserve. Endometriosis and particularly endometriomas provide a direct damage to ovarian reserve, with different mechanisms, and an indirect damage related to surgery. Similarly, benign ovarian tumors can provide a detrimental effect on ovarian reserve for the surgical treatment, especially for bilateral or recurrent tumors, and in case of secondary adnexal torsion with late diagnosis. Different fertility preservation options are available and should be considered particularly in cases with bilateral or recurrent pathology and/or surgery. In general, the identification of patients at risk of early ovarian failure, for benign gynecological disease or based on known genetic causes or familiarity, is of paramount importance in order to apply fertility preservation techniques before the complete depletion of ovarian reserve.