Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) outbreaks are rare in southern Africa. Only two have been reported to date from South Africa, both coinciding with rodent irruptions. The first outbreak manifested as acute myocarditis in pigs in 1979, whilst the second, occurring from 1993 to 1994, was linked to the deaths of 64 free-ranging adult African elephants (Loxodonta africana). The P1 genome region, inclusive of the flanking leader (L) and 2A genes, of three South African isolates, one from swine and two from elephants, was characterised by PCR amplification and sequencing of up to 11 overlapping fragments. In addition to the resulting 3329 nucleotide dataset, the 3D region that is widely used in molecular epidemiology studies, was characterised, and three datasets (P1, VP1/3 and 3D), complemented with available homologous EMCV data, were compiled for analyses. Phylogenetic inferences revealed the near-identical elephant outbreak strains to be most closely related to a mengovirus from rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Uganda, differing from the latter by between 11% (3D) and 15% (VP3/1). The South African pig isolate differed by 4% (3D) and 11% (VP3/1) from available European and Asian pig virus sequences. This study confirms the presence of two genetically distinct EMCV lineages recovered from sporadic outbreaks in wild and domestic hosts in southern Africa, and provides valuable baseline data for future outbreak eventualities in the sub-region.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 23-31 |
| Number of pages | 9 |
| Journal | Veterinary Microbiology |
| Volume | 162 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Feb 22 2013 |
| Externally published | Yes |
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Keywords
- Encephalomyocarditis virus
- Epidemiology
- Loxodonta africana
- Mengovirus
- Phylogeny
- South Africa
- Sus scrofa
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Microbiology
- veterinary(all)
Cite this
Retrospective genetic characterisation of Encephalomyocarditis viruses from African elephant and swine recovers two distinct lineages in South Africa. / van Sandwyk, James H d T; Bennett, Nigel C.; Swanepoel, Robert; Bastos, Armanda D S.
In: Veterinary Microbiology, Vol. 162, No. 1, 22.02.2013, p. 23-31.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Retrospective genetic characterisation of Encephalomyocarditis viruses from African elephant and swine recovers two distinct lineages in South Africa
AU - van Sandwyk, James H d T
AU - Bennett, Nigel C.
AU - Swanepoel, Robert
AU - Bastos, Armanda D S
PY - 2013/2/22
Y1 - 2013/2/22
N2 - Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) outbreaks are rare in southern Africa. Only two have been reported to date from South Africa, both coinciding with rodent irruptions. The first outbreak manifested as acute myocarditis in pigs in 1979, whilst the second, occurring from 1993 to 1994, was linked to the deaths of 64 free-ranging adult African elephants (Loxodonta africana). The P1 genome region, inclusive of the flanking leader (L) and 2A genes, of three South African isolates, one from swine and two from elephants, was characterised by PCR amplification and sequencing of up to 11 overlapping fragments. In addition to the resulting 3329 nucleotide dataset, the 3D region that is widely used in molecular epidemiology studies, was characterised, and three datasets (P1, VP1/3 and 3D), complemented with available homologous EMCV data, were compiled for analyses. Phylogenetic inferences revealed the near-identical elephant outbreak strains to be most closely related to a mengovirus from rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Uganda, differing from the latter by between 11% (3D) and 15% (VP3/1). The South African pig isolate differed by 4% (3D) and 11% (VP3/1) from available European and Asian pig virus sequences. This study confirms the presence of two genetically distinct EMCV lineages recovered from sporadic outbreaks in wild and domestic hosts in southern Africa, and provides valuable baseline data for future outbreak eventualities in the sub-region.
AB - Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) outbreaks are rare in southern Africa. Only two have been reported to date from South Africa, both coinciding with rodent irruptions. The first outbreak manifested as acute myocarditis in pigs in 1979, whilst the second, occurring from 1993 to 1994, was linked to the deaths of 64 free-ranging adult African elephants (Loxodonta africana). The P1 genome region, inclusive of the flanking leader (L) and 2A genes, of three South African isolates, one from swine and two from elephants, was characterised by PCR amplification and sequencing of up to 11 overlapping fragments. In addition to the resulting 3329 nucleotide dataset, the 3D region that is widely used in molecular epidemiology studies, was characterised, and three datasets (P1, VP1/3 and 3D), complemented with available homologous EMCV data, were compiled for analyses. Phylogenetic inferences revealed the near-identical elephant outbreak strains to be most closely related to a mengovirus from rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Uganda, differing from the latter by between 11% (3D) and 15% (VP3/1). The South African pig isolate differed by 4% (3D) and 11% (VP3/1) from available European and Asian pig virus sequences. This study confirms the presence of two genetically distinct EMCV lineages recovered from sporadic outbreaks in wild and domestic hosts in southern Africa, and provides valuable baseline data for future outbreak eventualities in the sub-region.
KW - Encephalomyocarditis virus
KW - Epidemiology
KW - Loxodonta africana
KW - Mengovirus
KW - Phylogeny
KW - South Africa
KW - Sus scrofa
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84872179507&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84872179507&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.08.008
DO - 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.08.008
M3 - Article
C2 - 23021643
AN - SCOPUS:84872179507
VL - 162
SP - 23
EP - 31
JO - Veterinary Microbiology
JF - Veterinary Microbiology
SN - 0378-1135
IS - 1
ER -