Single Zn atoms anchored on hollow carbon nanofiber network for dendrite-free lithium metal anode of flexible Li–S full cell

Abstract: The attractive energy density of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries makes them desirable energy storage systems; however, the slow reaction kinetics and formation of lithium dendrites prevent them from reaching full potential. To address this issue, hierarchical porous carbon nanofibers network containing Zn single atoms (ZnSA@HPCNF) is synthesized by electrospinning and carbonization. This structure serves as the main anode body, providing excellent chemical anchoring and lipophilicity. The uniform distribution of Zn single atoms and N₄ coordination supports uniform deposition and continuous plating/stripping of lithium. The results show that the Li|Li/ZnSA@HPCNF symmetrical battery presents stable and low overpotential during 700- and 900-h iterative plating/stripping process at 1 and 5 mA·cm⁻², respectively. Furthermore, the S/CNT||Li/ZnSA@HPCNF full cell shows good flexibility, reversible capacity and cycling stability. This work provides a lithium host strategy based on single-atom dispersed hierarchical porous carbon network, enabling the design of rational lithium metal anodes for use in flexible Li–S full cells. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].