TY - JOUR
T1 - Sodium-Based Batteries
T2 - In Search of the Best Compromise Between Sustainability and Maximization of Electric Performance
AU - Karabelli, Duygu
AU - Singh, Soumya
AU - Kiemel, Steffen
AU - Koller, Jan
AU - Konarov, Aishuak
AU - Stubhan, Frank
AU - Miehe, Robert
AU - Weeber, Max
AU - Bakenov, Zhumabay
AU - Birke, Kai Peter
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was conducted within the scope of the project ?DigiBattPro 4.0 BW?. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Labor and Housing Baden-W?rttemberg.
Publisher Copyright:
© Copyright © 2020 Karabelli, Singh, Kiemel, Koller, Konarov, Stubhan, Miehe, Weeber, Bakenov and Birke.
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2020/12/21
Y1 - 2020/12/21
N2 - Till 2020 the predominant key success factors of battery development have been overwhelmingly energy density, power density, lifetime, safety, and costs per kWh. That is why there is a high expectation on energy storage systems such as lithium-air (Li-O2) and lithium-sulfur (Li-S) systems, especially for mobile applications. These systems have high theoretical specific energy densities compared to conventional Li-ion systems. If the challenges such as practical implementation, low energy efficiency, and cycle life are handled, these systems could provide an interesting energy source for EVs. However, various raw materials are increasingly under critical discussion. Though only 3 wt% of metallic lithium is present in a modern Li-ion cell, absolute high amounts of lithium demand will rise due to the fast-growing market for traction and stationary batteries. Moreover, many lithium sources are not available without compromising environmental aspects. Therefore, there is a growing focus on alternative technologies such as Na-ion and Zn-ion batteries. On a view of Na-ion batteries, especially the combination with carbons derived from food waste as negative electrodes may generate a promising overall cost structure, though energy densities are not as favorable as for Li-ion batteries. Within the scope of this work, the future potential of sodium-based batteries will be discussed in view of sustainability and abundance vs. maximization of electric performance. The major directions of cathode materials development are reviewed and the tendency towards designing high-performance systems is discussed. This paper provides an outlook on the potential of sodium-based batteries in the future battery market of mobile and stationary applications.
AB - Till 2020 the predominant key success factors of battery development have been overwhelmingly energy density, power density, lifetime, safety, and costs per kWh. That is why there is a high expectation on energy storage systems such as lithium-air (Li-O2) and lithium-sulfur (Li-S) systems, especially for mobile applications. These systems have high theoretical specific energy densities compared to conventional Li-ion systems. If the challenges such as practical implementation, low energy efficiency, and cycle life are handled, these systems could provide an interesting energy source for EVs. However, various raw materials are increasingly under critical discussion. Though only 3 wt% of metallic lithium is present in a modern Li-ion cell, absolute high amounts of lithium demand will rise due to the fast-growing market for traction and stationary batteries. Moreover, many lithium sources are not available without compromising environmental aspects. Therefore, there is a growing focus on alternative technologies such as Na-ion and Zn-ion batteries. On a view of Na-ion batteries, especially the combination with carbons derived from food waste as negative electrodes may generate a promising overall cost structure, though energy densities are not as favorable as for Li-ion batteries. Within the scope of this work, the future potential of sodium-based batteries will be discussed in view of sustainability and abundance vs. maximization of electric performance. The major directions of cathode materials development are reviewed and the tendency towards designing high-performance systems is discussed. This paper provides an outlook on the potential of sodium-based batteries in the future battery market of mobile and stationary applications.
KW - Na-ion batteries
KW - post-Li-ion technologies
KW - raw materials, battery cost
KW - sodium battery chemistries
KW - stationary batteries
KW - X electric vehicle
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85100232020&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85100232020&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3389/fenrg.2020.605129
DO - 10.3389/fenrg.2020.605129
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85100232020
VL - 8
JO - Frontiers in Energy Research
JF - Frontiers in Energy Research
SN - 2296-598X
M1 - 605129
ER -