Spider toxins targeting ligand-gated ion channels

Ligand-gated ion channels (LGIC) are membranous proteins that allow ionic flow across plasma membrane upon ligand binding. The channels are implicated in many physiological and pathological processes. Understanding the functionality of LGIC leads to a better understanding of normal physiology, as well as diseases. One of many approaches to study LGIC is through the development of new ligands. Natural products provide a rich source of such ligands. Spider venom includes biologically active compounds with different mechanisms of action. Some components target LGIC. The current review summarizes toxins of spider origin that act on glutamate receptors, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and purinergic receptors.