Underground water resources in Kazakhstan

The assessment of natural resources and the ecological demand for underground water in Kazakhstan is based on a water-balance equation which considers underground lateral flow, hydrogeoecological regions and river basins. We propose a methodology to estimate the underground water resource for this region. The flow of water in all the rivers of Kazakhstan is estimated at 102.3 km³/year, of which 57.6 km³/year originates in the territory of the country, and 44.7 km³/year in the adjacent countries. With potential increase of the underground water usage up to 15.5 km³/year, the surface water volume could be decreased to 5 km³/year. Optimization of water resource use should be based on the introduction of the water-efficient process of reinjecting and recycling the water supply in all branches of industry, and a reduction in losses during distribution.