Bi₂WO₆-TiO₂ carbon nanoparticles controlled postharvest blue mold of table grapes caused by Talaromyces rugulosus and the possible action mechanisms

Talaromyces rugulosus is an important postharvest pathogenic fungus responsible for blue mold decay in table grapes, which accumulates ochratoxin A (OTA) in grapes leading to substantial economic losses and posing serious endanger to human health. Bi₂WO₆-TiO₂ carbon nanoparticles (BT-CNPs) have been identified as a broad-spectrum antifungal agent with excellent water solubility and non-toxicity. This study investigates the effects of different concentrations of BT-CNPs (50, 100, 125, 250, 500 mg L⁻¹) on T. rugulosus, focusing on spore germination, mycelial growth, and cell membrane integrity. In addition, we also explored the effects of BT-CNPs (1.25, 2.50, and 5.00 g L⁻¹) on controlling blue mold caused by T. rugulosus in postharvest grapes. The results demonstrated that BT-CNPs exhibited concentration-dependent antifungal activity, with 125 mg L⁻¹ significantly inhibiting mycelial growth, germ tube elongation, and spore germination. In vivo experiments revealed that 5.00 g L⁻¹ BT-CNPs effectively inhibited the expansion of blue mold caused by T. rugulosus, and maintained fruit quality by reducing weight loss, preserving firmness, stabilising total soluble solids (TSS) and respiration rates. These findings highlight the potential of BT-CNPs as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives for managing postharvest blue mold decay, thereby enhancing grape quality and extending shelf life.